Leadership of Martin Luther

Martin Luther (1483 †1546) was a catholic cleric and a religious philosophy educator in the late fifteenth and mid sixteenth century. He was additionally a focal hero during the reconstruction development In the 16 century, which fathered what Is presently known as the protestant transformation. Martin Luther has in this manner become one of the most perceived and Influential pioneers throughout the entire existence of the Charlatans Church. Authority Defined: The ecclesial setting of Lather's administration Those who attempt to fine initiative will wind up off guard because of the constraints of language.To show this inconvenience: we comprehend that a â€Å"ball† is a â€Å"spherical object that we play with. † But relying upon the unique situation, a ball can be comprehend the same number of various things. In football, we play with a ball yet it isn't round. The sun notwithstanding, is a round ball, yet we can't play with it. We can portray a great time as havi ng a great time, despite the fact that we are not playing with a ball. We can likewise go to a ball, despite the fact that we may not be having a great time. We will once in a while experience issues in understanding the implying that Is being communicated In all these situation.The same can't be said for administration in light of the fact that the word will Invoke various implications for various individuals In various circumstances (Morehouse, 2010). Revamps Describe the meaning of Leadership in Morehouse and Hickman, conceivably address worker initiative in Hickman as the general â€Å"Nature† of Lather's authority. Attempt to give models that would bolster hireling initiative or whatever authority he communicated. Rephrases Traits and Skills Martin Luther showed a significant number of the characteristics of what Morehouse portrays as attribute dervish.The reason of quality administration Is that sure characteristics are seen as more urgent than others In request to lead adequately (Morehouse, 2010). These characteristics are commonly enriched inside the pioneer and can't be educated. â€Å"Some of these qualities that are vital to this Include Intelligence, fearlessness, assurance, honesty, and friendliness' (Morehouse, 2010, p. 19). When contrasting Martin Luther and these qualities, it is anything but difficult to perceive how he normally showed huge numbers of them. For instance: outside his undeniable residency, Martin Luther was a shrewd man.His Ninety-Five Theses protested a few conventional catholic practices, yet they were expected as an academic question with a tone of examination. Additionally, Martin Luther had huge measures of fearlessness. He tested the most remarkable strict foundation throughout the entire existence of humanity since he was certain to such an extent that only he was right and that they were the ones in mistake. He was in the end suspended yet he despite everything stayed resolved to represent his feeling about cath olic doctrine. Martin Luther was powerful with this strategy for administration. HISIntelligence offered an excessive number of while his traditionally helped him start his own congregation by 1526. HIS assurance to hold scriptural certainties as higher then catholic customs provoked him to decipher the New Testament in the vernacular of the individuals by permitted individuals to have a similar access to these scriptural facts. Martin Luther likewise showed a large number of the aptitudes that Morehouse partners with fruitful pioneers. Quickly characterize characteristics Rewords Martin Luther qualities and how that added to his adequacy (give models) Rewords Briefly characterize abilities Rewords

Marketing analysis of Taylors Education Group

Promoting investigation of Taylors Education Group Taylors Education Group has been a commonly recognized name in Malaysia for four decades known for delivering every adjusted alumni with available work experience which will empower them to be serious and confident in the workplace. Taylors has contributed a lot to Malaysias monetary flourishing seeing as Taylors is growing locally as well as globally. Taylors began with humble beginnings, with just a little square in Jalan Pantai, Kuala Lumpur offering just one program. Today, Taylors has 5 grounds including the as of late settled Taylors Lakeside Campus which offers a large number of courses which involves certificate, undergrad and postgraduate investigations. Aside from that, Taylors multi year strategic to turn into a college of 20,000 understudies prestigious for its showing greatness and the unmistakable nature of its alumni. At the rate Taylors is developing, there is no uncertainty that crucial be practiced in 5 years not to mention 10 years. Taylors compelling statement of purpose, Wisdom. Uprightness. Greatness is without a doubt one reason why numerous understudies are pulled in to this instructive establishment. Taylors statement of purpose positions understudies to consider Taylors a premium and selective instructive foundation that offers incredible training quality while teaching discipline simultaneously. Taylors center reason to instruct the young people of the world to accept their beneficial places as pioneers in the worldwide network likewise assumes a significant job in bringing understudies into the instructive organization. Notwithstanding that, Taylors additionally guarantees 5 fundamental beliefs in the entirety of their projects. Right off the bat, Taylors trusts in Respecting and thinking about one another. Taylors vows to make a situation where everybody is refreshing ignoring individual, social, racial or religion contrasts. Taylors does this by giving a sheltered spot to communicate your conclusions. Other than that, practicing du ty will likewise be energized. The endeavors of people and gatherings will likewise be perceived and regarded. Besides, Taylors likewise puts stock in Being devoted to a culture of greatness. Taylors will deliberately and intentionally do as well as can be expected to accomplish their hierarchical objectives. Along these lines, Taylors will persistently search for strategies to develop themselves through nonstop learning and embracing techniques which will add to Taylors long haul destinations and objectives. Thirdly, Taylors additionally has confidence in Openness in correspondence. Taylors advances being straightforward in day by day trades, and if this is done in a sort and conscious way, trust and understanding will be created. Fourthly, Taylors puts stock in Acting with trustworthiness. Taylors will comply with the sets of accepted rules and be moral in their every day procedures to fabricate a culture of receptiveness inside the association and society on the loose. Fifthly, T aylors additionally have confidence in Being energetic in what we do. Taylors accepts by doing things energetically, it will motivate others to need to improve. Ultimately, Taylors puts stock in Creating charming situations. This task is essentially to contemplate the Taylors instruction gathering, regarding how they advertise their projects and training. The primary concentration in this task is the recently manufactured Taylors Lakeside Campus. From here, well investigate how the Taylors training bunch has effectively transformed this task into an incredible benefit making grounds. This task will contemplate their showcasing procedures by investigating the companys qualities, shortcomings, openings dangers (SWOT Analysis), the companys division and situating methodology and the companys promoting blend. Well likewise give suggestions to improve their advertising techniques at the Taylors Lakeside Campus towards the finish of this task. SWOT Analysis The two sorts of interior factors that influence the organization to arrive at its goal are qualities and shortcomings. Right off the bat, the quality of Taylors school is it has a solid foundation and a background marked by 42 years. The forty two years of history remember demonstrated understanding for college level instruction and preparing with developing accentuation on exploration to additionally upgrade the nature of the college. This can be demonstrated by the acknowledgment from Ministry of Higher Education with the esteemed Excellence in Research and Development grant 2005/06. Taylors University had built up a solid brand name and causes an expansion in piece of the pie and brand value. It has a renowned trademark that is Wisdom, Integrity, Excellence. Taylors Universitys drive for intelligence, journey for trustworthiness and hunger for greatness caused it to turn into a celebrated scholarly foundation and can convey a top notch instruction. Other than that, the quality of Taylors college is it offers an assortment of high worth and quality national perceived projects. The college offers design, plan, biosciences, business, correspondence, IT, building, friendliness, law and medication program. The scholarly exercises adjusted to the later financial patterns bringing about the advancement of an expansive scope of courses. The assortment program that Taylors University gave demonstrated that it is a ground-breaking one stop training association. The connecting game plan with remote colleges guarantees the quality confirmation of the courses and assessments. Besides, the high advancement in instructing and learning abilities are the quality of Taylors college. The foundation of Integrated Teaching and Life-long Learning Center at Taylors (InTeLLeCT) is to guarantee the arrangement of applicable, imaginative, and incredible learning encounters at Taylors. It makes learning experience through amazing educating, remarkable scholarly understudy bolster act ivities, and an inventive and innovation driven learning condition. (Taylors University 2011) By putting resources into InTeLLect, it guarantees the constant improvement of HR by making an accomplished scholastic and care staff to instruct greater quality understudies. The excellent speakers can be demonstrated by one of the teachers from the School of Engineering Dr TVN Padmesh for being granted with the Young Scientist Paper Award fifth International Conference of Environmental Science and Technology 2010 in Texas, USA from July 12-16. Moreover, land area and agreeable grounds condition likewise adds to the quality of Taylors University. Taylors University is situated at Subang Jaya and there are high measure of populace and quick rising turns of events. It is all around associated with the urban communities of Kuala Lumpur, Shah Alam and the townships of Petaling Jaya in this way it is a decent area. Taylors college offers the best grounds condition and give the best offices amon g the contenders. The offices gave are new and thorough, a case of offices that is given is the library, sports and entertainment focus, lodging, address theaters, understudy focal, debilitated inlet, analyze labs and food court. (Taylors 2011) Then again, the shortcoming of Taylors University is it is charging a more significant expense than others rival in the training market. For instance, Taylors college is charging twofold the cost of Help University College for the business program. The more significant expense charge some of the time will influence the customer choice to pick Taylors college and unsatisfied buyers may wind up going to different colleges. Taylors college must guarantee that the value charged ought to make unrivaled esteem and offer some benefit added administrations to the purchaser. Other than that, the shortcoming of the college is the decisions of twinning system that it offers are restricted. For instance, Help University College is the greatest contender now since it offers greater college decisions and has better accomplice colleges. Taylors college ought to improve the decisions for accomplice colleges to pick up its piece of the overall industry. The two sorts of outside components that influence the organization to arrive at its goal are openings and dangers. The chance of Taylors college is there is an expansion in the attention to the significance in accomplishing tertiary training. These days, most associations are recruiting representatives with either a recognition or a single guys degree. In this way, this urges Malaysian guardians to back their childrens training to get at any rate a Bachelors qualification for a superior profession. Other than that, Malaysia goes about as one of the world greatness place for instruction had made an open doors for the college by an increments in worldwide understudy. It is evaluated that there are around 70,000 global understudies from in excess of 100 nations as of now concentrating in broad daylight and private advanced education establishments in Malaysia. (Study in Malaysia Handbook 2011) Malaysia is a various nation with fast monetary turn of events, stable politic, catastrophe f ree and it offers a reasonable expense to the universal understudy for advanced education openings will draw in increasingly global understudy later on. Taylors college can consider giving more decisions to world best accomplice college to build its chance by increment seriousness and develop its piece of the pie. The danger of Taylors college is it confronting the expanding size of its rival. For instance, to adapt to the expanding interest for quality training in the area, HELP University College will be opening another best in class Green Technology Campus in Subang 2 The grounds is 600,000 sq ft and it is deliberately situated between Kota Damansara, Subang, Sungai Buloh, and Shah Alam. Because of the expansion familiarity with open to forestall and protect the earth, HELP University College new grounds will pull in more consideration from people in general. By improving the offices of Help University College in the new grounds, giving a superior accomplice college decision and offer a lower prising instruction, Taylors college will faces a higher rivalry. (HELP International Corporation 2008) Direct contenders are firms that offer produc

Poetry and Informal Diction Essay Example For Students

Verse and Informal Diction Essay Arnold dives Into the Worlds history, finishing on a note that the world is loaded with torment, dread and savagery. 5. Man and the Natural World, life, cognizance and presence, suggestions to Sophocles. 1. The Hollow Men by T. S. Elliot 2. Current 3. 2 epigraphs/5 segments, each area follows light, haziness, vacancy, profound and physical. Free section 4. Elliot communicates his lose In expectation, religion and love inside the scarecrows stuck in an ethical loss of motion. 5. Reflecting post WWW, individual shortcoming, demise/question/despair, personality. 1. The Wasteland by T. S. Elliot 3. Clear section, sensational monolog, 1 epigraph, graceful lingual authority 4. Elliot fortifies the mental and social slithers that accompanied the loss of good and social Identity after WWW. 5. Inferences made to The Bible and Shakespeare, religion, memory and the past, appearances. 1 . The Wild Swans at Cole by William Butler Yeats 3. Measured rhyming, A-B-C-B-D-D rhyme, couplets, formal/wonderful word usage. 4. Yeats frees opportunity and communicates the impacts of war and change, on himself, however on others around him also, 5. Opportunity, demise. 1 . The Virgins by Derek Walcott 2. Post-Modern 3. Casual expression, 4. Walcott depicts a spot that Is lost to the progressions that are going on the planet. . Tolerating change, society. 1 . The Rear-Guard by Siegfried Swanson 3. A-B-B-C-D rhyme, embodiment, redundancy, similar sounding word usage, gothic tone move. 4. Swanson gives a standpoint of a solider during WWW, reflecting and passing on feelings of a solider during the war. 5. War severity, reflecting WWW, pertinence to life. 1 . Dulcet et Decorum Es t by Wilfred Owen 3. Predictable rhyming, A-B-A-B-C-D rhyme, beautiful style 4. Owen communicates that theres nothing great or decent about death. For the most part, AR itself. 5. Reality, fighting, enthusiasm. 1. A Satirical Elegy on the Death of a Late Famous General by Jonathan Swift 2. Rebuilding 3. An A-B-B-C-C rhyme, spoof/amusing, casual lingual authority. 4. Quick ridicules a celebrated commanders demise, applying that once dead you lose all noteworthiness on the planet. Regardless of what fortunate or unfortunate youve done, demise is essentially passing. 5. The hover of life, tolerating passing. 1 . Try not to Go Gentle into That Good Night by Dylan Thomas 2. Present day 3. 6 wavers, A-B-A-B rhyme, formal/lovely style. 4. Thomas states that elderly people men should oppose demise as emphatically as could be expected under the circumstances. Truth be told, hello should just leave this world kicking and shouting, angry that they need to pass on by any means. Later discovering that the sonnet was truly mirroring his dads passing. 5. Intelligence and information, mortality, fleetingness. 1. What's more, the Moon and the Stars and the World by Charles Bouzoukis 2. Post-present day 3. Casual word usage 4. Bouzoukis communicates the sexism in world, just as the delicate subjects of abusive behavior at home and misuse. 5. Interest of frenzy, the ruthlessness of people. 1 . The Sonnet-ditty by Gondolas Brooks 2. Post-present day 4. Creeks uncovers a womans point of view from when her sweetheart does battle, just to see cap the lady causes it to appear he went to another lady. She is on a quest for joy while he is away. 5. Heavenliness, the truth of war. 1 . Is/Not by Margaret Atwood 3. 11 couplets, casual phrasing, free section. 4. Atwood talks about the contention of affection and discovering love. 5. Awfulness, inward battle, investigation of adoration. 3. 6 notes, casual style, free section, tone moves significantly from Joy to grievance, sound similarity, 4. Thomas asks the world to think back their past and beloved recollections, taking in the happy sentimentality as much as could be expected under the circumstances. 5. Youth, bliss, stupidity and imprudence, the quick development of life.

The Starbucks Entrance Into Vietnam Marketing Essay

The Starbucks Entrance Into Vietnam Marketing Essay Starbucks Coffee Company Starbucks started in 1971 as a roaster and retailer of entire bean and ground espresso, tea and flavors. In those days, the organization was a solitary store in Seattles notable Pike Place Market. From only a limited customer facing facade, Starbucks offered a portion of the universes best new simmered entire bean espressos. (Starbucks Coffee Company) Starbucks is named after the main mate in Herman Melvilles Moby Dick. The name evoked the sentiment of the high oceans and the nautical convention of the early espresso merchants. The logo is additionally propelled by the ocean, highlighting a twin㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ tailed alarm from Greek folklore. (Starbucks Coffee Company) In 1981, Starbucks director, president and CEO, Howard Schultz, was brought into Starbucks from his first cup of Sumatra, and joined Starbucks a year later. (Starbucks Coffee Company) In 1983, Howard made a trip to Italy and got intrigued by Italian coffeehouses and the sentiment of the espresso experience. He had a dream to take the Italian café convention back to the United States where café is made a spot for discussion and a feeling of network and to be a third spot among work and home. He left Starbucks for a brief timeframe to begin his own Il Giornale cafés and returned in August 1987 to buy Starbucks with the assistance of nearby financial specialists. (Starbucks Coffee Company) Today, Starbucks associate with a large number of clients consistently with excellent items and almost 18,000 retail locations in 60 nations. (Starbucks Coffee Company) Starbucks mission is to rouse and sustain the human soul one individual, each cup and one neighborhood in turn. (Starbucks Coffee Company) Starbucks have consistently had confidence in serving the most ideal espresso and it is their objective for the entirety of their espresso to be become under the best expectations of value, utilizing moral sourcing rehearses. STARBUCKS Entrance into Vietnam (Starbucks opens first store in espresso cherishing Vietnam) Starbucks opened its first bistro in Vietnam in Ho Chi Minh City as a major aspect of its procedure to grow across Asia, and plans to include more shops all through the nation. The great opening of the HCM City store stamped Vietnam as Starbucks twelfth market in the Asia Pacific, and signifying its chain of exactly 3,400 stores in the zone. John Culver, leader of Starbucks Coffee China and Asia Pacific, said during the strip cutting function that Vietnam is one of the most unique and intriguing business sector with regards to Asia, and that they are pleased to open a Starbucks store in the nation. Espresso Concepts (Vietnam) Ltd., a Hong Kong Maxims Group auxiliary, will work Starbucks Ho Chi Minh City store in Vietnam, and its first store will be in the citys business region. Starbucks will look to rival neighborhood matches in a nation known for its solid bistro culture. Vietnam is the universes second-biggest espresso maker and it has many nearby chains just as little coffeehouses on almost every city intersection which present a significant test for Starbucks to break into the jam-packed market. As per inquire about, albeit numerous individuals lined up in southern Ho Chi Minh City for the opening, however the US goliaths espresso may not be to everybodys taste. Some theorized about how the Starbucks will contend with Trung Nguyen Coffee and Highlands Coffee, a homegrown brand that credits Starbucks as a motivation. One Vietnamese, Nguyen Tien Tam, 35 had been cited as favoring Vietnamese espresso, which is more grounded than Starbucks and that as a Vietnamese, he just love nearby espresso. Contrasted and other Asian markets which Starbucks has as of late entered, the Seattle-based organization faces a novel situation in Vietnam, where French-propelled espresso culture rules preeminent, two homegrown chains have built up existences and family-run walkway bistros are the same number of as noodle shops. In HANOI, Vietnam, Nghiem Ngoc Thuy has been giving espressos parched Vietnamese to 20 years in her pioneer style estate with stripping shades, and she and her clients arent too stressed that Starbucks will adjust their dependable espresso conventions. As cited by Thuy, her family-run bistro in Hanoi offers costs that are moderate for normal Vietnamese. Thuy further included that costly espresso is only for the offspring of government authorities, or individuals who have loads of cash. A customary client, a hardware sales rep Do Thanh Tung, said he is anxious to check whether Starbucks espresso truly is not the same as the Vietnamese mixes he has been drinking since he was 10 years of age. Tung, presently 30, said Vietnamese youngsters will welcome Starbucks, when they become acclimated to it. In any case, he added that he doesnt hope to turn into a standard Starbucks benefactor since he drinks five or six cups of espresso daily, along these lines ordinary visits to Starbucks would be unreasonably costly for him. Darn Le Nguyen Vu, whose Trung Nguyen Group possesses 55 bistros in Vietnam, said he invites Starbucks and doesnt see the American newcomer as a danger. Vu even envisioned Starbucks opening up to a hundred bistros in Vietnam in the following 10 years, yet it stays faulty whether individuals in a nation with such a low GDP for each capita, and an alternate preference for espresso, would truly acknowledge Starbucks. In contrast to China, where tea is the jazzed drink of decision, Vietnam acquired an espresso culture from French colonizers in the nineteenth century. Vietnam is additionally the universes second-biggest exporter of espresso behind Brazil. Starbucks as of now works in excess of 3,300 stores across 11 nations in the Asia-Pacific district, and its entrance into Vietnam denotes the most recent round in a crusade to pull in Asias rising white collar classes in spite of a deteriorating U.S. economy. Jinlong Wang, leader of Starbucks Asia-Pacific, said the organization intends to grow across Vietnam in a manner that commends the countrys espresso culture and legacy. He had remarked on an email to The Associated Press that Starbucks is anticipating developing with Vietnams effectively energetic espresso industry and having a constructive outcome in the networks where they work. Vietnam has a populace of around 90 million and three out of five Vietnamese are younger than 35. Draftsman Tran Cao Tho,a 32-year-old planner and his companions tasted their espressos low, wooden stools on the walkway as motorbikes zoomed by and road artists dropped in. Starbucks will try to benefit from flooding customer request. Tho and his companions are a piece of the sizeable under-35 age that Starbucks, the Seattle-based organization, will look to persuade and change from more grounded and less expensive espresso at their neighborhood cafã © to Starbucks espresso. Tho whose morning schedule incorporates some trickle espresso at Hanois Cafe Hanh said that he like his espresso dark, dull and solid and that he would go to Starbucks sometimes for the feel, yet not for the espresso as the flavor is excessively light. As indicated by Anthony Emms, overseeing accomplice at Stanton Emms Strategy Consultants in Singapore, which exhorts universal food and drink organizations on Asian markets, he remarked that Vietnams economy has eased back as of late to some degree due to a risky financial division, yet Starbucks upmarket brand will engage the developing Vietnamese white collar class, and that he doesnt accept there is a gigantic hindrance to Starbucks in Vietnam and further included that Starbucks isn't generally an espresso yet is a food-administration idea. He further included that more than 60 percent of Vietnams populace was brought into the world after the Vietnam War finished in 1975, and there is a solid interest among youth in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City for marked apparel and embellishments, notwithstanding that the names frequently are fakes, and normal yearly pay is just about $1,500. Moreover, other global natural pecking orders have opened stores in Vietnam as of late, including the Australian espresso chain Gloria Jeans Coffees International, the California-based Coffee Bean Tea Leaf, and the American inexpensive food chains KFC and Burger King. What's more, Nestle moment espresso which is built to suit the Vietnamese palette is sold generally in Vietnamese grocery stores. Notwithstanding, Emms said that Starbucks would hazard estranging a portion of its potential customers on the off chance that it didnt remember Vietnamese trickle espresso for its menus here. This is take into account and focus at the more youthful age as well as the more established and senior age. What separates Starbucks from other espresso chains? (Starbucks Coffee Company) Starbucks have consistently put stock in the significance of building an incredible, suffering organization that finds some kind of harmony among gainfulness and a social heart. Starbucks adopt a comprehensive strategy to morally sourcing the most excellent espresso. This incorporates capable buying works on, supporting rancher advances and timberland protection programs. They accept that by purchasing espresso along these lines, it helps encourage a superior future for ranchers and an increasingly steady atmosphere for the planet. It additionally makes a long㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ term gracefully of the high㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ quality beans which they have been cautiously mixing, broiling and pressing new for over 40 years. They share their clients responsibility to the earth. Furthermore, they have faith in the significance of thinking about the planet and urging others to do likewise. It is their objective that 100% of their cups will be reusable or recyclable by 2015. They will likewise work to essentially decrease their ecological impression through vitality and water protection, reusing and green development. They likewise trust in encouraging flourishing networks, from the areas where their stores are situated to the ones where their espresso is developed. To unite individuals, motivate change and have any kind of effect in people groups lives are all piece of being a decent neighbor. They likewise would like to contribute one million volunteer hours every year to their networks by 2015. Since the start, Starbucks has been an alternate sort of organization. One which not just commend c

Oil Paintings Essay Example For Students

Oil Paintings Essay Be that as it may, with the goal for us to appropriately comprehend the Oil painting method, we blast initially comprehend its structure and capacity to make. The paint itself is made utilizing two components: colors and oil. The shades are dry coolants, for example, mineral salts and other earth types, ground-up into a fine powder and isolated by shading. Be that as it may, since the colors couldn't cling to the canvas alone, oil was utilized as a folio to do only that. Normally, linseed oil was utilized on the grounds that it can polymeric, and thusly is a drying oil (Mayer, Ralph, and Sheehan 123). Be that as it may, different oils, for example, pecan oil, sunflower oil, and tang oil are additionally utilized, particularly it the craftsman would need to modify the drying times of he paint or diminish black out hues. A genuine case of a craftsman who even utilized various oils in a similar artwork was Leonardo Dad Vinci, who utilized a mix of oils while painting Adoration of the Magi, which some conjecture was to support the craftsman to takeover this incomplete work (YMMV. Henceforward. Org)_ Additionally, there are different components to the structure of the oil painting that help special raised area the paint. So as to make adjustments and right components, specialists like to paint numerous layers; this additionally gives them the advantage of lashing off the paint previously applied to he geese (white paste that covers the medium on which the artwork will be applied) without destroying the segments, which they might want to stay perpetual. Nonetheless, for the craftsman to do this, they have to apply slight layers Of paint at first (under artistic creation), which means they should blend the oil in with a dissolvable, for example, White spirits or turpentine to weaken the Oil. This is particularly useful for the craftsman utilizing the fat over lean technique, where each layer of paint contains more oil than the past layer. Extra added substances would likewise incorporate varnishes that are generally produced using dammar gum precious stones disintegrated in turpentine, along these lines fixing he work and giving the artistic creation a more prominent polish (Divide 47). The upsides of oil works of art incorporate strength and flexibility, oil canvases finished utilizing appropriate drying time and appropriately made are entirely solid. Oil itself is non-polar and hydrophobic, which means it will repulse water, a key component in the decay of numerous bits of workmanship. Moreover, oil really dries through oxidation, in which Nan-polar covalent bonds are administered by the ionic powers between utilitarian gatherings and the metal particles present in the color (Mayer, Ralph and Sheehan 125). The significant outcome is a steady elm that is bit of flexibility keeps any draining or stream from gravitational draw, regarding adaptability, varnishes take into consideration one to take a shot at and complete autonomous components over a tremendous time allotment, while likewise the tying of the varnish take into account the correct cleaning of works of art after numerous long periods of show. Also, the fine shades ground into the oil take into account more prominent optical impact and translucency, Which makes things, for example, human skin show up unquestionably more life-like. Furthermore, with the utilization of a smooth surface more prominent delicacy is reflected in the Oil painting, Which the varnish Will help complement shading and profundity (Mayer, Ralph and Sheehan 125). This is because of the various refractions the varnish makes, in this way making increasingly viewpoint in the artistic creation itself. There arent numerous detriments with regards to oil painting, yet there are issues with drying time, maturing, and mixing. Drying time is a favorable position to many craftsmen, yet the individuals who like to utilize a grouping of washes with hardly a pause in between regularly discover the oil painting strategy troublesome (Divide 48). Additionally, most custodians would reveal to you that it takes from 60-80 years for an oil painting to get done with drying. Maturing concerns additionally are a significant drawback, particularly when craftsmen use linseed IL, which will in general yellow or obscure with age. Be that as it may, this maturing can be smothered if the craftsman has the correct apparatuses. .u2905fe190924341b7b0791bdfcfdb169 , .u2905fe190924341b7b0791bdfcfdb169 .postImageUrl , .u2905fe190924341b7b0791bdfcfdb169 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u2905fe190924341b7b0791bdfcfdb169 , .u2905fe190924341b7b0791bdfcfdb169:hover , .u2905fe190924341b7b0791bdfcfdb169:visited , .u2905fe190924341b7b0791bdfcfdb169:active { border:0!important; } .u2905fe190924341b7b0791bdfcfdb169 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u2905fe190924341b7b0791bdfcfdb169 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u2905fe190924341b7b0791bdfcfdb169:active , .u2905fe190924341b7b0791bdfcfdb169:hover { obscurity: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u2905fe190924341b7b0791bdfcfdb169 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2905fe190924341b7b0791bdfcfdb169 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enhancement: underline; } .u2905fe190924341b7b0791bdfcfdb169 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u2905fe190924341b7b0791bdfcfdb169 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content beautification: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2905fe190924341b7b0791bdfcfdb169:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u2905fe1 90924341b7b0791bdfcfdb169 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u2905fe190924341b7b0791bdfcfdb169-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u2905fe190924341b7b0791bdfcfdb169:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Woman With the Hat by Henri Matisse EssayFinally, mixing can likewise be a key concern on the grounds that the oil will in general haze together making the work of art become sloppy and detracting from particular properties. The oil painting method is ordinarily applied to a canvas that is made out of a material or cotton fabric and wooden cot. The canvas would then be able to be covered with creature stick and prepared with a blend of white paint and chalk. This medium has been famous since the sixteenth century: be that as it may, different mechanisms for oil meshes, for example, boards, tile, paper, and record were add itionally utilized (Divide 48).

MPA in Environmental Science and Policy COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

MPA in Environmental Science and Policy COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog In total SIPA offers 7 degrees.   A full listing of our degrees can be found by clicking here.   Applicants are welcome to apply to multiple degree programs at SIPA.   There is only one thing SIPA does not allow we do not allow applicants to apply to the two-year full-time MIA program and the two-year full-time MPA program.   Other than this, there are no restrictions.   If an applicant does want to apply to more than one degree program it does require a different application for each program and each application requires the application fee. All of our programs use the same application system except for the PhD program.   PhD applicants must use a different application site (details available here).   If applying to more than one program at SIPA please make sure to create a different PIN for each application.   Applicants may not use the same PIN for multiple applications to SIPA. One SIPA program, the MPA in Environmental Science and Policy, has three different deadlines.   The first deadline, November 1st, is quickly approaching.     There are many opportunities to speak with representatives of the program and details are below. Campus Recruiting Across the U.S. by Earth Institute | 9.21.2011 at 10:00am The Master of Public Administration (MPA) in Environmental Science and Policy program will be traveling across the country this fall to talk to prospective students at graduate fairs and college campuses. The program was jointly developed by Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs and the Earth Institute, and it trains sophisticated managers and policymakers to apply innovative, interdisciplinary and sustainable solutions to environmental issues. Our approach reflects the system-level thinking that is needed to understand ecological interactions and maintain the health of Earth’s interconnected systems. Graduates are working in diverse organizations domestically and globally as consultants, environmental protection and restoration specialists, project managers, policy analysts, directors of environmental services, environmental and public health advisors, teachers, researchers, and environmental biologists and engineers. Please come visit us at one of the following information sessions to learn more about our program. If we will not be in your area and you would like to set up a session, or if you have any questions, please contact Sarah Tweedie at st2745@columbia.edu or by phone at (212) 854-3142. October 7, 2011, 11:00 am â€" 2:00 pm Princeton University Graduate School Fair, Princeton, NJ Princeton University Dillon Gym October 10, 2011, 5:00 pm â€" 8:00 pm Chicago, IL Idealist Fair University of Illinois, Chicago UIC Forum, Hall A and B 725 W Roosevelt Road Chicago, IL, 60608 October 11, 2011, 4:00 pm â€" 7:00 pm Michigan State University Graduate School Fair, East Lansing, MI MSU Union, 2nd Floor October 18, 2011, 6:00 â€" 8:00 pm Columbia University Morningside Campus Faculty House, 64 Morningside Drive (between West 116th St. and West 118th St.) New York, New York 10027 October 21, 2011, 11:15 am Pitzer College Information Session, Claremont, CA McConnell Center â€" Dining Hall October 24, 2011, 10:00 am â€" 2:00 pm University of California Irvine Graduate School Fair, Irvine, CA Location: TBD October 24, 2011, 7:00pm Pomona College Information Session, Claremont, CA Smith Campus Center, Room 208 October 25, 2011, 10:00 am â€" 2:00 pm UC Santa Barbara Graduate School Fair, Santa Barbara, CA UCSB’s Arbor Mall October 25, 2011, 3:30 â€" 5:00 pm Colby College Graduate School Fair, Waterville, ME Location: TBD October 26, 2011, 11:00 am â€" 1:30 pm Bates College Graduate School Fair, Lewiston, ME Location: TBD October 26, 2011, 3:30 pm â€" 5:00 pm Bowdoin College Graduate School Fair, Brunswick, ME Location: TBD October 27, 2011, 6:00pm UC Davis Information Session, Davis, CA Location: TBD December 8, 2011, 6:00 â€" 8:00 pm Columbia University Morningside Campus Faculty House, 64 Morningside Drive (between West 116th St. and West 118th St.) New York, New York 10027

Burlesque and Diegetic Trolling Deciphering The Cyclops’ Erratic Narrative - Literature Essay Samples

The â€Å"Eye,† â€Å"Aye,† and â€Å"I’s† have it. Indeed, the ‘Cyclops’ episode is recognizable at a glance. Following The ‘Sirens’ melodic fugue, the twelfth chapter sees a swift change, both in tone and form. The narrative shifts to a mysteriously verbose I-narrator, and relates Leopold Bloom’s encounter with the confrontational Citizen. This comes about halfway through James Joyce’s â€Å"Flaneur Epic,† and he writes one of the most recognizable parallel to its’ Homeric counterpart. When Odysseus lands on the island of cyclops, he and his men are trapped in a cave by Polyphemus. The ‘Cyclops’ cannibalizes a couple of men each day. In order to outwit the giant, the hero gets Polyphemus drunks, and tells him his name is â€Å"No Man,† before plunging a stake into his eye. This causes the monster to cry incoherently, blaming â€Å"No Man,† which is met with derision. His kin does not understand. His blindness enables Odysseus and his men to escape the c ave by strapping themselves to the sheep. He then foolishly proclaims his name as he sails away, leading Polyphemus to pray for father Poseidon to curse the boasting Odysseus. Bloom and The citizen are the Joycean Odysseus and Polyphemus, and their confrontation echoes the traditional Epic. The unnamed narrator is crucial to the reading of the chapter. The â€Å"I† presence soon establishes authorial intent by narrowing the perspective to one person, one eye on the scene. The authority of the narrator slowly unravels with a deluge of parodic interjections and the multiplying characters serving as eyewitnesses. In the ‘Cyclops’ episode, the juxtaposition of eloquent prose and colloquial banter of the characters, highlight Joyce’s struggles with the Irish Nationalist rhetoric during this period of Irish Cultural Revival. The political undertones are all the more apparent with the dense citizen, continuously sprouting Nationalistic ideas. The choice of parodi c tone does not merely emphasize the flaws in blind Nationalist ideology, but also serves both as an incredibly self-aware exercise in the limitations of narrative authority. The narration in ‘Cyclops’ episode begins with the commanding voice of the anonymous I-Narrator, only to soon delve into parody as he is disrupted over thirty times by an unknown parodist. The repetition of the â€Å"Eye† homophones or the narrator’s anonymity, hinting to the ‘No Man’ identity, is enough to immediately associate this episode to the Odyssean encounter with the Cyclops Polyphemus. This parallelism is noticeable at a glance, well before the introduction of the citizen and Leopold Bloom. This cues the reading of the chapter. In essence, it insinuates a lesser relevance of the events in comparison to the stylistic prose of the episode. The story of ‘No Man’ outwitting a giant is in the subtext rather than the plot. The mocking interruptions, although varying in style, are not attributed to any one voice, and for the purposes of this study, we will accredit theses passages to a singular parodist. The reader is increasing ly distanced as the central â€Å"I† voice looses its narrative authority with each new intrusion. Joyce almost immediately calls attention to the physical presence of this new anonymous narrator, and his vulnerability. The episode begins with him recounting how a â€Å"bloody sweep† almost poked his eye out with a broom. This not only makes a parallel with the mythical monster, but also foreshadows the myopic theme. For the most part, the narrator seems to follow a naturalist dialogue, although often colored with vulgar and bitter remarks. His straightforwardness is a stark contrast to the often hyperbolic parodist, which offers many perceptions, all the while never giving a truly well rounded vision of the same moment. The choice to stylistically parody narrative conventions is an interesting one, and is an essential starting point to analyze the authorial intent. The hyperbolic passages often describe the events in an epic manner, as is illustrated by the parodist f irst interruption, painting an exaggerated portrait of Dublin, as the narrator heads to the bar: In Inisfail the fair there lies a land, the land of holy Michan. There rises a watchtower beheld of men afar. There sleep the mighty dead as in life they slept, warriors and princes of high renown. (12.378.31) The description of an ancient mythical land inhabited by mighty warriors and princes is an abrupt departure from the narrator’s preceding paragraph. The language is reminiscent of that of the Irish Literary Revival movement, which romanticized Celtic culture. â€Å"Inisfail† was the name given to Ireland, by the godlike race known as the ‘Tuatha Dà © Danaan’ and has appeared in 19th Century revivalist poetry. These interpolations clue the reader to the parallels with the homeric tale. Bloom’s â€Å"knockmedown cigar,† is the modern Odyssean stake, the Citizen is introduced with many references to caves, echoing the lair of Polyphemus. The following parodic invasions ridicule varying styles.Their juxtaposition with the narrator’s colloquial account of the same moment emphasize the mocking tone. In a parodic passage of medicinal jargon, Leopold Bloom’s scientific explanation is interrupted by the narrator, who describes it as â₠¬Å"he starts with his jawbreakers about phenomenon and science and this phenomenon and the other phenomenon.†(12.394.1). The parodist follows this annoyed recount with the ceremonial â€Å"The distinguished scientist Herr Professor Luitpold Blumenduft,†(12.394.4) and proceeds to mock Bloom’s explanation through highly technical language. The eclectic uses of language is prompted by seemingly insignificant details, which introduce new perceptions, all of which disregard what has been said previously. They cause confusion, misinterpretation and contradictions in the narrative. Leopold Bloom is both an â€Å"Old lardyface† and â€Å"the distinguished phenomenologist†. He can be a viewed through antisemitic lenses as a penny-pinching jew or a mythical hero. The allusions to the source material is some of the most explicit in Joyce’s epic, however, the deluge of lengthy lexical lists interjected by the parodist, the multitude of stylistic voices a nd contradicting depictions of the central figure, seem to render the plot moot. The tone is that of a mock epic, yet Joyce is not mocking the homeric tale. He is using the structure of the Odyssey as a vehicle for various stylistic and thematic parody. ‘Cyclops’ subverts the instruments used by the Irish Revivalists to spread their message, by shedding light on their inherent shortcomings. The three cultural media pillars that were intended to fuel a sense of Irish nationhood were the newspapers, Celtic ballads and Theatre. In the late 18th and beginning of the 19th Century, budding nationalist groups used newspaper distribution and ballads to heighten the nation’s awareness of their own national history. While ‘Aeolus’ takes place in a newspaper office, ‘Cyclops’ is chock-full of print-culture references from articles taken out of real periodicals to the mention of the citizen’s â€Å"paraphernalia papers†. The news saturated episode continues the pattern of parodying interpolations, here mocking the biased content of the media, such as a satirized British Imperialist piece read by the citizen: —A delegation of the chief cotton magnates of Manchester was presented yesterday to His Majesty the Alaki of Abeakuta by Gold Stick in Waiting, Lord Walkup of Walkup on Eggs, to tender to His Majesty the heartfelt thanks of British traders for the facilities afforded them in his dominions. (12. ) Similarly to the homeric plot, the content of these mimicked ‘journalistic’ articles, although meaningful and certainly humorous, are also somewhat secondary to the main argument. It is the swarm of periodicals in circulation and their consumption that is made farcical. Just as the plethora of stylistic voices contribute to this notion that there is no one objective perception of the events, the sheer volume of papers in circulation adds to the conflicting messages influencing the readers. Adding to the confusion brought on by the number of newspapers, Joyce also includes the ceremonial or performative aspect surrounding their consumption. Pubs were a well known meeting place for Irish Nationalists to share their ideas. The public reading of newspaper articles enabled the masses to hear the messages of unifying Ireland, and to reclaim their identity after a long period of British colonialism. This performance aspect is deeply ingrained din the oral tradition of ballads, which have long been the sole method of insuring history would not be forgotten. Tales of legendary races who created Ireland and the occult were usually the themes of these musical fables, and with time they developed into political ballads. The theatre truly entered the equation later in the century, and seriously cemented its role in this Revival when the Lady Gregory, W.B Yeats and Edward Martin opened the Abbey Theatre in 1904. The Irish Literary Revival had been about promoting a National consciousness, breaking with British imperialism for good, and striving for new beginnings with a free Irish State. Two recurring stereotypes of Irishmen were considered symbols to reclaim in order to disassociate with with colonial hangups. The first was the loathsome â€Å"Stage-Irishman†, depicted as a cowardly drunk, and the second was the docile passive woman. Ireland, historically attributed to this feminine image was prevalent due to its Celtic mythology, occult past and goddess symbolism. The revivalists took these images and reinvented them to suit a budding Nation in need of rediscovering its identity after centuries of colonialism. These figures transformed the coward Irishman into a young soldier or artist, ready to fight for its country, and the weak female into a powerful mother figure reminiscent of old Irish traditions, personifying Ireland as a Motherland. Cathleen Ni Houlihan, the most well-known play with patriotic themes of the Literary Revival, was written by W.B Yeats and Lady Gregory. They promoted an embodiment of Ireland, as a frail woman after having her â€Å"four green fields† usurped, and luring a young man into sacrificing his life to retrieve them for her. The citizen’s calls for action â€Å"And they will come again and with a vengeance, no cravens, the sons of Granuaile, the champions of Kathleen Ni Houlihan,†(12.428.12) reflects this internalized militant discourse. ‘Cyclops’ plays with tradition of performance, and this episode is one of the most theatrical yet. The way the parodist and citizen construct these events in Irish history and the stage figures is melodramatic. While the narrator describes the citizen’s actions as laughable, he compares them to caricature of the Queen’s Theatre, which is an interesting juxtaposition to the Abbey’s highly functional style. Yeats was notorious for hating theatrics, believing overly ornate performances to lessen the power of the script. Joyce sees the movement to be closer to British influences then they realize. The irony is laid down thick. The Citizen, being a caricature of Irish Revivalism, serves to denounce its rhetoric and bigoted attitudes occasionally attached to it. The character is described as wearing a girdle adorned with sealstones engraved with â€Å"rude yet striking art the tribal images of many Irish heroes and heroines of antiquity,† solidifying his romanticism of ancient Ireland, a common thread in Revivalist discourse. His bombastic attitude paired with the parodist’s theatrical depiction of his character, seems to be closer to the characterizationof Alexander Pope’s mock epic â€Å"The Rape of the Lock†rather than that of Homer’s â€Å"Odyssey†. His singular minded nostalgia and xenophobia illustrate Joyce’s own reservations with the movement, criticizing an ideology which could lead to further isolate Ireland. Ulysses is itself positioned during a transitional period for Irish National identity. Set in 1904, while Ireland was still under the rule of E ngland, and this reality of Irish colonial experience is cause for great tensions, notably with the agrarian population. The books publication in 1922 comes one year following the emergence of the Irish Free State. The citizen is a personification of militant Irish Nationalism, while Bloom takes a seemingly oppositional stance, leaning towards a more moderate solution to this question of ‘Irishness’. Historically, the English have depicted Irishmen and women as morally bankrupt and politically incapable to justify their domination of the Ireland. The reality of Irish inequality, loss of Irish culture and Irish land was not new. It stemmed from generations of English colonialism. One of the primary motivations for this movement was the Great Potato Famine in the XIX Century, in which the Gaelic speaking population dropped dramatically. The citizen makes this clear when he mentions the worst year of the famine: They were driven out of house and home in the black 47. Their mudcabins and their shielings by the roadside were laid low by the batteringram and the Times rubbed its hands and told the whitelivered Saxons there would soon be as few Irish in Ireland as redskins in America. Even the Grand Turk sent us his piastres. But the Sassenach tried to starve the nation at home while the land was full of crops that the British hyenas bought and sold in Rio de Janeiro. (12.427.33) Joyce draws many comparisons between Bloom and Charles Parnell, who had been an important political figure of the Irish Nationalist movement and lead the liberal Home Rule League. Parnell opposed the Fenian revolutionary politics. The citizen himself praises terrorist acts committed by the group, and loathes the tepid methods of the League, who reacted with boycotts to make their point. The citizens interestingly seeks to modernization through Irish independence. This nostalgic longing for ancient Ireland was a common thread in nationalist rhetoric. This antagonism between the brash citizen and protagonist, has often lead readers to sympathize with Bloom. Joyce’s authorial intent seems quite clear on the first read, however, there is much more implied. Bloom’s ambivalent identity is an exploration of the nuanced identity of Ireland after a long and complicated history with British Colonialism. The very idea of Irishness is clouded with ideas of National Identity that no longer exist in their primitive form. The citizen’s absolutist perception of what he defines as a Nation, completely disregards anything that does not fit into his rationale. It seems easy to sympathize with Bloom’s plight here. The antisemitism he is subjected to, by both the narrator and the citizen. He becomes the very symbol of British colonial victimization, and the Citizen, in what Joyce notices as a great irony in the Revivalist movement, becomes the very oppressor he loathes. Be that as it may, there is no unambiguous hero or villain here. Bloom, upset by the confrontation, does not act heroically. His simplistic universalism is parodied as a comparison to Christ. One of Joyce’s greatest successes in the episode, is his understanding of the Citizen, at least in the historical sense. Joyce exposes this fragility and embraces the already present pluralism in Ireland. Leopold Bloom, being this mosaic of cultures, says it best when he states â€Å"A nation is the same people living in the same place†¦ Or also living in different places†. When Joyce said, â€Å"I’ve put so many enigmas and puzzles that it will keep the professor busy for centuries arguing over what I meant,† he forgot the mention the legions of students, who will never get over the headache caused by trying to wrap their head around it. The ‘Cyclops’ episode, while not being quite as convoluted as others such as ‘Circe’, nevertheless functions on a multitude of levels. Polyphemus is a one eyed monster, who’s barbarity is not tamed after being brutalized. In fact, it only amplified when he lost the narrow-sight he had. This is the underlying theme of the episode. Ireland loosing its identity is by no means an excuse to react as barbarically as their colonial oppressors. Joyce uses the narrative form to play with this idea of non-existing absolute truth. He comes to question the very nature of Literature, by turning it on its head, and in the process, revealing the machinations and artifices of the form. In order for introspection to be successful, Comedy seems to be uniquely qualified. It then seems natural for Parody to become a vehicle for Art to question itself. â€Å"No Man† or literary convention is impervious to joycean criticism, include himself. Works Cited: Choi, Seokmoo. â€Å"The Aspects of Anglicization of Irish Nationalism in the ‘Cyclops’ Episode of ‘Ulysses.’† The Harp, vol. 14, 1999, pp. 21–32. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/20533397 Gula, Marianna. â€Å"As Good as Any Bloody Play in the Queens Royal Theatre: Performing the Nation in the Cyclops Episode of ‘Ulysses.’† Irish University Review, vol. 36, no. 2, 2006, pp. 257–279. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25517312. Nunes, Mark. â€Å"Beyond the ‘Holy See’: Parody and Narrative Assemblage in ‘Cyclops.’† Twentieth Century Literature, vol. 45, no. 2, 1999, pp. 174–185. ORiordan, Manus. â€Å"A Citizens Defence for Bloomsday.† History Ireland, vol. 16, no. 3, 2008, pp. 10–11. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/27725786. Spiegel, Michael. â€Å"‘The Most Precious Victim’: Joyces ‘Cyclops’ and the Politics of Persecution.† James Joyce Quarterly, vol. 46, no. 1, 2008, pp. 75–95. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/ 27820927.

Coal As A Fossil Fuel - 1706 Words

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Everyone tried creating something to profit, not to satisfy American needs, but some Americans built a reputation doing the opposite of that. During the years between 1850 and 1914, Americans wereRead More72F. Mr. Fredrick. Advanced English 9 - 7. February 8,999 Words   |  4 PagesAldous Huxley, he portrayed many of his problems in Brave New World. Huxley wrote a work that not only made the reader look upon Huxley’s time, but also make them look at their own and make a connection to see if the reader had similar problems still occurring. Literary devices such as characterization and allusions were used by Huxley to give the reader an idea of what was occurring in Huxley’s lifetime. Throughout Brave New World Huxley expressed three main problem s: religion, the role of women

The Birthmark Literary Analysis - 1614 Words

The Birthmark by Nathaniel Hawthorne is trying to communicate some important ideas about a variety of themes, he articulates a few weighty themes around this brief argument: the struggle between science and nature. In a story full of successful and almost magical scientific experiments, it is intact nature itself that is more powerful than any creation made by man. As is to be expected, this path to perfection also includes the creation of life and the victory over death. In the birthmark Aylmer does not see, like others who pretended Georgianas hand before him, a singularity that accentuates her immaculate beauty. He sees in that crimson little hand an indication of decay and death. And also of immorality and sin, in tune with the belief†¦show more content†¦For instance, when Aylmer felt miserable, she felt miserable too. Nevertheless, it can be seen that then she demonstrated a total opposite attitude, a strong woman who challenges his husband to go ahead with his experim ents. A girl with no fear at all. Far from being the typical woman in her house, she is educated and intelligent, and she is able to read and understand the intricate experiments that her husband documents in his diaries. With them she understands how his husbands love for her is, and she accepts it, and that Aylmers lofty ideals condemn him to permanent dissatisfaction. She also knows that her husbands attempts to erase the birthmark will not succeed. In spite of this, she voluntarily takes the concoction he offers. The drink finishes with the birthmark, yes, but also with her, who says goodbye to her husband making him know that his search for divine perfection has made him despise the best the earth could offer. Therefore, with all those decisions it can be seen that she has the will to do it and she can make her own decisions. She is completely different from Aylmer. She understood and was aware about what happened to the birthmark, and why she died. Aminadab, the foil character , is the laboratory assistant, but he is purely physical everything that he does for Aylmer is done not out of understanding, he doesnt understand Aylmer science, but he just does all the physical stuff all theShow MoreRelatedThe Birthmark Literary Analysis914 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"The Birthmark†, a short story by Nathanial Hawthorne, the use of the archetypal conflict Nature vs. Science, the character of Damsel in Distress, and the symbol of the Incurable Wound show how easily beauty is overlooked in the endeavor for perfection. The archetypal conflict of Nature vs. Science is shown in Aylmer’s intention to remove the birthmark, nature’s constant reminder of human mortality, from Georgiana’s cheek. Aylmer believed that the birthmark might heighten Georgiana’s beautyRead MoreA Separate Peace, By Nathaniel Hawthorne996 Words   |  4 Pagesnot get to do in depth analysis so as to encounter such in lifestyle. As an example, at this point the planet is at the verge of a war. Humans have completely different views and perceptions of the implications such events would bring around the planet. There has always been an unending struggle of deciding between good and evil. As humans, we have a tendency to do not understand or notice a balance between them so as to achieve a positive outcome. In any work of literary art, here are sides ofRead MoreThe Idea Expression Dichotomy1744 Words   |  7 Pagesplot ‘lovers are in proximity of blood’ is abstract enough to be an idea; While in another case, ‘father had secretly sent his daughter to other while remembering a birthmark on her shoulder. The father’s son had fell in love with his unknown-sister while they accidentally found their proximity of blood by knowing about the birthmark.’ This special arrangement and selection of the story would be close to the bottom of the pyramid, which is the expression.’ The ‘substantial part’ in the UK copyrightRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1603 Words   |  7 PagesLiterary devices are techniques often used by authors to portray in-depth analyses of major characters, storylines, and central themes, which take place in a story. These analyses help readers understand a message the author is trying to convey. In the novel Lord of the Flies, William Golding uses different literary devices in order to demonstrate the boys’ struggle against the lack of society and law on the island, as well as the consequences that have transpired due to this loss. This conflictRead MoreSimilar Gothic Elements in the Work of Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne2436 Words   |  10 Pages Nathaniel Hawthorne was one of the most valiant and significant writers of fiction before the Civil War. He gained fame for publishing, The Scarlet Letter, and was praised for his literary style. The Scarlet Letter, allowed him to direct atte ntion to issues he valued. Other stories like, â€Å"The Birthmark,† and, â€Å"Rappaccini’s Daughter,† provided a unique view of a how a male dominated society can harm its women. Author Henry James considered him a genius and the most significant writer of hisRead MoreEssay on Analyis of Knowledge of a Possibility by JUllary Putnam2603 Words   |  11 Pagesas define Formal Realism. In Hilary Putnam’s â€Å"Literature Science, and Reflection†, Putnam discusses both the limitations and potentials of knowledge in literature. The criterion for knowledge is rather complex and Putnam addresses literary knowledge in â€Å"both the empirical and conceptual elements† (Putnam 488). On the one hand, there are the conceptual elements of knowledge, those that can be considered â€Å"knowledge of possibility† (Putnam 488) that allow us to think of new possibilitiesRead More Characterization, Identities, and the Supernatural in Otranto2209 Words   |  9 PagesIsabella, to his murderous rage. Morris also points out the recurring set of patterns and coincidences. Theodore escapes from imprisonment not once, not twice, but three times. He appears at the perfect moment to aid Isabella in her escape, and his birthmark is revealed only seconds before Manfreds order to behead him, rescuing him from death and revealing him as the rightful successor to the municipality of Otranto. These perfectly timed appearances emphasize the idea of â€Å"surface† with no â€Å"depth† —Read MoreModern Environmental Degradation And Exploitation3639 Words   |  15 Pagesdegrade the natural splendor and resources of our planet. Since every transformative process bears the scars of revolution, Marx argues that, in emerging from the shackles of capitalism, socialism or the â€Å"first phase† of communism will bear the birthmarks of the previous order. Thus, each worker will be given credit for his contribution. When these changes transform the society and socialism extends throughout the world, humanity will enter the final stage of pure communism characterized by StatelessnessRead MoreEssay The Salem Witchcraft Trials of 16924260 Words   |  18 Pagesdid not participate in the trials, the other girls were joined by other young and mature women in staging public demonstrations of their affliction when in the presence of accused witches. The events in Salem have been used as a theme in many literary works, including the play by Arthur Miller which we are going to read during this unit. They are interesting to anthropologists because they display some of the characteristics of village witchcraft and some of the features of the European witchRead MoreFigurative Language and the Canterbury Tales13472 Words   |  54 Pages1. allegory: a literary work that has a second meaning beneath the surface, often relating to a fixed, corresponding idea or moral principle. 2. alliteration: repetition of initial consonant sounds. It serves to please the ear and bind verses together, to make lines more memorable, and for humorous effect. †¢ Already American vessels had been searched, seized, and sunk. -John F. Kennedy †¢ I should like to hear him fly with the high fields/ And wake to the farm forever fled from the childless

Interest in Public Health Free Essays

The pursuit of a satisfying and meaningful career is my ultimate goal and a master of public health degree is a stepping stone along the path to a future career. For me, it is also a responsibility I owe to myself. My university education exposed me to a number of public health issues. We will write a custom essay sample on Interest in Public Health or any similar topic only for you Order Now While at university, I was affiliated to an anti AIDS club whose increased emphasis was placed on behavioural change to prevent the risk of STDs, HIV/AIDS and unplanned pregnancies. I particularly joined this club so I could make an impact on fellow students and prevent the spread of the virus as I had lost a lot of my close relations to HIV/AIDS. It was from this point that my interest in public health arose. During my fifth year of university education, I proposed to conduct a research on the role of physiotherapy in patients HIV/AIDS patients but could not conduct the named research due to funding difficulties and ethics issues. Nevertheless, I still picked on another public health topic ‘the prevalence of complaints of arm, neck and shoulder among office workers who use computers’ and I earned myself an award as the best graduating student in Research. The findings of the study further prompted me to make a difference and prevent preventable illnesses, thus considered public health research as a career. My work experience as a physiotherapist is within the field of public health and has developed my disease identification, treatment and to a lesser extent preventive skills. I am currently engaged in community (outreach)programmes for HIV/AIDS patients. My role in this activity, is to identify and mobilise patients who are on Anti retro virus drugs who have residual effects (weak limbs) of ARVs and other people in the community who might actually need physiotherapy services. Though this integration of physiotherapy services with HIV/AIDS activities at the hospital is still in its infancy stage, as a department we have achieved an increase of 30% in the number of patients captured in the community and are actually accessing our services. What about the rest of the 70% ? we could still do better. Personally, being the overseer of the physiotherapy aspect of the HIV/AIDS programme I have earned a great deal of insight on issues pertaining to . However, each time we embark on the usual community visits and find cases that could have been prevented, I feel challenged and to some extent motivated to do more than I am already doing because currently our main emphasis is on the curative aspect of disease rather than prevention and primary care . in addition, I as diagnosed with Hyperthyroidism in 2009 and I realise that I am not able to meet the physical demands of my current job and would want to contribute to population health at an administrative level. My participation in the programme confirmed my budding interest in preventive medicine and improved quality of care. I am drawn to public health because of its unbounded solutions to health problems. I am in search of public health skills develop and be able to contribute positively towards the health of the community and society at large. In addition, I feel that my current degree alone, is not offering me adequate career opportunities, in which case gaining a further qualification particularly master of public health, will provide me with new career options and advance my prospects immensely. After I complete the master of public health programme, I will have acquired problem solving skills, locating and using information effectively and analytical thinking skills. In view of this, I intend to join an Non Governmental Organisation dealing in public health issues and possibly work in a rural area as that is where the bulk of the work is to be done. Currently I am studying for a certificate in HIV/AIDS management, I believe the certificate and the master of public health coupled together will help me perform better in my future job role as I would like to be involved in the devising of programmes focused to prevent and provide quality health care especially in HIV/AIDS related projects. How to cite Interest in Public Health, Essay examples

Rhetorical mode free essay sample

Rhetorical modes are methods for effectively communicating through language and writing. Complete the following chart to identify the purpose and structure of the various rhetorical modes used in academic writing. Provide at least two tips for writing each type of rhetorical device. NOTE: You may not copy and paste anything directly from the textbook or a web site. All information included in this assignment must be written in your own words. Rhetorical Mode Purpose – Explain when or why each rhetorical mode is used. Structure – Identify the organizational method that works best with each rhetorical mode. Tips – Provide two tips for writing in each rhetorical mode. Narration Narration is used to tell stories. Narrative writing typically progresses in chronological order. A plot summary can help with organization. Keeping the human senses in mind can help keep details strong. Illustration An essay that clearly demonstrates and supports a point through the use of evidence. We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical mode or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The thesis should be at the beginning, the supporting evidence in the body of the paper. Should use a wide variety of words and phrasing. The evidence should be appropriate to the topics and the audience. Description To make sure your audience is fully immersed in the words on the page by using sensory details. Spatial order, depending on the writer, descriptions could go from top to bottom or left to right. Avoid empty descriptors if possible. Use spatial order to organize your descriptive writing. Classification To break the broad subject down into smaller, more manageable and more specific parts. Organized by breaking it down into subcategories. Choose topics you know well when writing this type of essay. Make sure you break down your topic at least 3 different ways. Process analysis The purpose is to explain how to do something or how something works. In chronological order, step by step instructions on how something is accomplished. Always have someone else read it to make sure it makes sense. Always use strong details and clear examples. Definition The purpose is to simply define something. It is organized by context, the circumstance, conditions, or settings in which something occurs or exists. Clearly define what you’re writing about. Make sure everything is organized. Compare and Contrast The purpose is to highlight the similarities between two or more similar objects while contrasting highlights the differences between two or more objects. It is organized by introduction, body, and conclusion. There should be advantages and disadvantages. Use comparing and contrasting to find likes or differences. Comparisons focus on similarities and contrast focuses on differences. Cause and The purpose is to answer why are things like this? What is the effect, or result, of this? What is the cause of this? Explain how one event leads to another. Make a list of causes and prioritize them according to their significance on the effect. Put causes under main categories and explain them if you find too many interrelated information. Persuasion The purpose is to convince, or persuade, the reader that the opinion, or assertion, or claim of the writer is correct or valid. It is organized by intro, body, and conclusion. Remember to enter their world, provide the reader with compelling evidence. Write a 100- to 150-word paragraph explanation that demonstrates why compare and contrast is the appropriate rhetorical mode for the topic you chose in Week Two. Compare and contrast is the appropriate rhetorical mode for the topic I chose because I have two of the similar objects that will be compared and contrasted and also the differences of the two. I will be comparing and contrasting the two methods of losing weight, which are diet and exercise or diet pills. In the process of me comparing and contrasting the two I will be learning a lot about what I am in the process of doing which makes this project so interesting to me. I am sure there is going to be a lot of similarities and differences.

Eviews Illustrator free essay sample

Windows, Word and Excel are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. PostScript is a trademark of Adobe Corporation. Professional Organization of English Majors is a trademark of Garrison Keillor. All other product names mentioned in this manual may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Quantitative Micro Software, LLC 4521 Campus Drive, #336, Irvine CA, 92612-2699 Telephone: (949) 856-3368 Fax: (949) 856-2044 web: www. eviews. com First edition: 2007 Second edition: 2009 Editor: Meredith Startz Index: Palmer Publishing Services Chapter 3. Getting the Most from Least Squares Regression is the king of econometric tools. Regression’s job is to find numerical values for theoretical parameters. In the simplest case this means telling us the slope and intercept of a line drawn through two dimensional data. But EViews tells us lots more than just slope and intercept. In this chapter you’ll see how easy it is to get parameter estimates plus a large variety of auxiliary statistics. We begin our exploration of EViews’ regression tool with a quick look back at the NYSE volume data that we first saw in the opening chapter. Then we’ll talk about how to instruct EViews to estimate a regression and how to read the information about each estimated coefficient from the EViews output. In addition to regression coefficients, EViews provides a great deal of summary information about each estimated equation. We’ll walk through these items as well. We take a look at EViews’ features for testing hypotheses about regression coefficients and conclude with a quick look at some of EViews’ most important views of regression results. Regression is a big subject. This chapter focuses on EViews’ most important regression features. We postpone until later chapters various issues, including forecasting (Chapter 8, â€Å"Forecasting†), serial correlation (Chapter 13, â€Å"Serial Correlation—Friend or Foe? †), and heteroskedasticity and nonlinear regression (Chapter 14, â€Å"A Taste of Advanced Estimation†). A First Regression Returning to our earlier examination of trend growth in the volume of stock trades, we start with a scatter diagram of the logarithm of volume plotted against time. EViews has drawn a straight line—a regression line—through the cloud of points plotted with log ( volume ) on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal. The regression line can be written as an algebraic expression: log ( volume t ) = a + bt Using EViews to estimate a regression lets us replace a and b with numbers 62—Chapter 3. Getting the Most from Least Squares based on the data in the workfile. In a bit we’ll see that EViews estimates the regression line to be: log ( volume t ) = – 2. 629649 + 0. 017278t In other words, the intercept a is estimated to be -2. 6 and the slope b is estimated to be 0. 017. Most data points in the scatter plot fall either above or below the regression line. For example, for observation 231 (which happens to be the first quarter of 1938) the actual trading volume was far below the predicted regression line. In other words, the regression line contains errors which aren’t accounted for in the estimated equation. It’s standard to write a regression model to include a term u t to account for these errors. (Econometrics texts sometimes use the Greek letter epsilon, e , rather than u for the error term. ) A complete equation can be written as: log ( volume t ) = a + bt + u t Regression is a statistical procedure. As such, regression analysis takes uncertainty into ? account. Along with an estimated value for each parameter (e. g. , b = 0. 017 ) we get: †¢ Measures of the accuracy of each of the estimated parameters and related information for computing hypothesis tests. †¢ Measures of how well the equation fits the data: How much is explained by the estimated values of a and b and how much remains unexplained. †¢ Diagnostics to check up on whether assumptions underlying the regression model seem satisfied by the data. We’re re-using the data from Chapter 1, â€Å"A Quick Walk Through† to illustrate the features of EViews’ regression procedure. If you want to follow along on the computer, use the workfile â€Å"NYSEVOLUME† as shown. A First Regression—63 EViews allows you to run a regression either by creating an equation object or by typing commands in the command pane. We’ll start with the former approach. Choose the menu command Object/New Object†¦. Pick Equation in the New Object dialog. The empty equation window pops open with space to fill in the variables you want in the regression. Regression equations are easily specified in EViews by a list in which the first variable is the dependent variable—the variable the regression is to explain, followed by a list of explanatory—or independent—variables. Because EViews allows an expression pretty much anywhere a variable is allowed, we can use either variable names or expressions in our regression specification. We want log ( volume ) for our dependent variable and a time trend for our independent variable. Fill out the equation dialog by entering â€Å"log(volume) c @trend†. Hint: EViews tells one item in a list from another by looking for spaces between items. For this reason, spaces generally aren’t allowed inside a single item. If you type: log (volume) c @trend you’ll get an error message. 64—Chapter 3. Getting the Most from Least Squares Exception to the previous hint: When a text string is called for in a command, spaces are allowed inside paired quotes. Reminder: The letter â€Å"C† in a regression specification notifies EViews to estimate an intercept—the parameter we called a above. Hint: Another reminder: @trend is an EViews function to generate a time trend, 0, 1, 2, †¦. Our regression results appear below: The Really Important Regression Results There are 25 pieces of information displayed for this very simple regression. To sort out all the different goodies, we’ll start by showing a couple of ways that the main results might be presented in a scientific paper. Then we’ll discuss the remaining items one number at a time. A favorite scientific convention for reporting the results of a single regression is display the estimated equation inline with standard errors placed below estimated coefficients, looking something like: The Really Important Regression Results—65 log ( volume t ) = – 2. 629649 + 0. 017278 ? t , ser = 0. 967362, R = 0. 852357 ( 0. 89576 ) ( 0. 000334 ) 2 Hint: The dependent variable is also called the left-hand side variable and the independent variables are called the right-hand side variables. That’s because when you write out the regression equation algebraically, as above, convention puts the dependent variable to the left of the equals sign and the independent variabl es to the right. The convention for inline reporting works well for a single equation, but becomes unwieldy when you have more than one equation to report. Results from several related regressions might be displayed in a table, looking something like Table 2. Table 2 (1) Intercept -2. 629649 (0. 089576) 0. 017278 (0. 000334) — (2) -0. 106396 (0. 045666) -0. 000736 (0. 000417) 6. 63E-06 (1. 37E-06) 0. 868273 (0. 022910) 0. 289391 0. 986826 t t 2 log(volume(-1)) ser — 0. 967362 0. 852357 R 2 Column (2)? Don’t worry, we’ll come back to it later. Hint: Good scientific practice is to report only digits that are meaningful when displaying a number. We’ve printed far too many digits in both the inline display and in Table 2 so as to make it easy for you to match up the displayed numbers with the EViews output. From now on we’ll be better behaved. EViews regression output is divided into three panels. The top panel summarizes the input to the regression, the middle panel gives information about each regression coefficient, and the bottom panel provides summary statistics about the whole regression equation. 66—Chapter 3. Getting the Most from Least Squares The most important elements of EViews regression output are the estimated regression coefficients and the statistics associated with each coefficient. We begin by linking up the numbers in the inline display—or equivalently column (1) of Table 2—with the EViews output shown earlier. The names of the independent variables in the regression appear in the first column (labeled â€Å"Variable†) in the EViews output, with the estimated regression coefficients appearing one column over to the right (labeled â€Å"Coefficient†). In econometrics texts, regression coefficients are commonly denoted with a Greek letter such as a or b or, occasionally, with a Roman b . In contrast, EViews presents you with the variable names; for example, â€Å"@TREND† rather than â€Å" b †. The third EViews column, labeled â€Å"Std. Error,† gives the standard error associated with each regression coefficient. In the scientific reporting displays above, we’ve reported the standard error in parentheses directly below the associated coefficient. The standard error is a measure of uncertainty about the true value of the regression coefficient. The standard error of the regression, abbreviated â€Å"ser,† is the estimated standard deviation of the error terms, u t . In the inline display, â€Å"ser=0. 967362† appears to the right of the regression equation proper. EViews labels the ser as â€Å"S. E. of regression,† reporting its value in the left column in the lower summary block. Note that the third column of EViews regression output reports the standard error of the estimated coefficients while the summary block below reports the standard error of the regression. Don’t confuse the two. The final statistic in our scientific display is R . R measures the overall fit of the regression line, in the sense of measuring how close the points are to the estimated regression line 2 in the scatter plot. EViews computes R as the fraction of the variance of the dependent variable explained by the regression. (See the User’s Guide for the precise definition. 2 2 Loosely, R = 1 means the regression fit the data perfectly and R = 0 means the regression is no better than guessing the sample mean. Hint: EViews will report a negative R for a model which fits worse than a model consisting only of the sample mean. 2 2 2 The Pretty Important (But Not So Important As the Last Section’s) Regression Results We’re usually most interested in the regression coefficients and the statistical information provided for each one, so let’s continue along with the middle panel. The Pretty Important (But Not So Important As the Last Section’s) Regression Results—67 -Tests and Stuff All the stuff about individual coefficients is reported in the middle panel, a copy of which we’ve yanked out to examine on its own. The column headed â€Å"t-Statistic† reports, not surprisingly, the t-statistic. Specifically, this is the t-statistic for the hypothesis that the coefficient in the same row equals zero. (It’s computed as the ratio of the estimated coefficient to its standard error: e. g. , 51. 7 = 0. 017  § 0. 00033 . ) Given that there are many potentially interesting hypotheses, why does EViews devote an entire column to testing that specific coefficients equal zero? The hypothesis that a coefficient equals zero is special, because if the coefficient does equal zero then the attached coefficient drops out of the equation. In other words, log ( volume t ) = a + 0 ? t + u t is really the same as log ( volume t ) = a + u t , with the time trend not mattering at all. Foreshadowing hint: EViews automatically computes the test statistic against the hypothesis that a coefficient equals zero. We’ll get to testing other coefficients in a minute, but if you want to leap ahead, look at the equation window menu View/Coefficient Tests†¦. If the t-statistic reported in column four is larger than the critical value you choose for the test, the estimated coefficient is said to be â€Å"statistically significant. † The critical value you pick depends primarily on the risk you’re willing to take of mistakenly rejecting the null hypothesis (the technical term is the â€Å"size† of the test), and secondarily on the degrees of freedom for the test. The larger the risk you’re willing to take, the smaller the critical value, and the more likely you are to find the coefficient â€Å"significant. † Hint: EViews doesn’t compute the degrees of freedom for you. That’s probably because the computation is so easy it’s not worth using scarce screen real estate. Degrees of freedom equals the number of observations (reported in the top panel on the output screen) less the number of parameters estimated (the number of rows in the middle panel). In our example, df = 465 – 2 = 463 . The textbook approach to hypothesis testing proceeds thusly: 1. Pick a size (the probability of mistakenly rejecting), say five percent. 2. Look up the critical value in a t-table for the specified size and degrees of freedom. 68—Chapter 3. Getting the Most from Least Squares . Compare the critical value to the t-statistic reported in column four. Find the variable to be â€Å"significant† if the t-statistic is greater than the critical value. EViews lets you turn the process inside out by using the â€Å"p-value† reported in the right-most column, under the heading â€Å"Prob. † EViews has worked the problem backwards an d figured out what size would give you a critical value that would just match the t-statistic reported in column three. So if you are interested in a five percent test, you can reject if and only if the reported p-value is less than 0. 05. Since the p-value is zero in our example, we’d reject the hypothesis of no trend at any size you’d like. Obviously, that last sentence can’t be literally true. EViews only reports p-values to four decimal places because no one ever cares about smaller probabilities. The p-value isn’t literally 0. 0000, but it’s close enough for all practical purposes. Hint: t-statistics and p-values are different ways of looking at the same issue. A t-statistic of 2 corresponds (approximately) to a p-value of 0. 05. In the old days you’d make the translation by looking at a â€Å"t-table† in the back of a statistics book. EViews just saves you some trouble by giving both t- and p-. Not-really-about-EViews-digression: Saying a coefficient is â€Å"significant† means there is statistical evidence that the coefficient differs from zero. That’s not the same as saying the coefficient is â€Å"large† or that the variable is â€Å"important. † â€Å"Large† and â€Å"important† depend on the substantive issue you’re working on, not on statistics. For example, our estimate is that NYSE volume rises about one and one-half percent each quarter. We’re very sure that the increase differs from zero—a statement about statistical significance, not importance. Consider two different views about what’s â€Å"large. † If you were planning a quarter ahead, it’s hard to imagine that you need to worry about a change as small as one and one-half percent. On the other hand, one and one-half percent per quarter starts to add up over time. The estimated coefficient predicts volume will double each decade, so the estimated increase is certainly large enough to be important for long-run planning. More Practical Advice On Reporting Results Now you know the principles of how to read EViews’ output in order to test whether a coefficient equals zero. Let’s be less coy about common practice. When the p-value is under 0. 05, econometricians say the variable is â€Å"significant† and when it’s above 0. 05 they say it’s â€Å"insignificant. † (Sometimes a variable with a p-value between 0. 10 and 0. 05 is said to be â€Å"weakly significant† and one with a p-value less than 0. 01 is â€Å"strongly significant. †) This practice may or may not be wise, but wise or not it’s what most people do. The Pretty Important (But Not So Important As the Last Section’s) Regression Results—69 We talked above about scientific conventions for reporting results and showed how to report results both inline and in a display table. In both cases standard errors appear in parentheses below the associated coefficient estimates. â€Å"Standard errors in parentheses† is really the first of two-and-a-half reporting conventions used in the statistical literature. The second convention places the t-statistics in the parentheses instead of standard errors. For example, we could have reported the results from EViews inline as log ( volume t ) = – 2. 629649 + 0. 017278 ? t , ser = 0. 967362, R = 0. 852357 ( – 29. 35656 ) ( 51. 70045 ) 2 Both conventions are in wide use. There’s no way for the reader to know which one you’re using—so you have to tell them. Include a comment or footnote: â€Å"Standard errors in parentheses† or â€Å"t-statistics in parentheses. † Fifty percent of economists report standard errors and fifty percent report t-statistics. The remainder report p-values, which is the final convention you’ll want to know about. Where Did This Output Come From Again? The top panel of regression output, shown on the right, summarizes the setting for the regression. The last line, â€Å"Included observations,† is obviously useful. It tells you how much data you have! And the next to last line identifies the sample to remind you which observations you’re using. Hint: EViews automatically excludes all observations in which any variable in the specification is NA (not available). The technical term for this exclusion rule is â€Å"listwise deletion. † 70—Chapter 3. Getting the Most from Least Squares Big (Digression) Hint: Automatic exclusion of NA observations can sometimes have surprising side effects. We’ll use the data abstract at the right as an example. Data are missing from observation 2 for X1 and from observation 3 for X2. A regression of Y on X1 would use observations 1, 3, 4, and 5. A regression of Y on X2 would use observations 1, 2, 4, and 5. A regression of Y on both X1 and X2 would use observations 1, 4, and 5. Notice that the fifth observation on Y is zero, which is perfectly valid, but that the fifth observation on log(Y) is NA. Since the logarithm of zero is undefined EViews inserts NA whenever it’s asked to take the log of zero. A regression of log(Y) on both X1 and X2 would use only observations 1 and 4. The variable, X1(-1), giving the previous period’s values of X1, is missing both the first and third observation. The first value of X1(-1) is NA because the data from the observation before observation 1 doesn’t exist. (There is no observation before the first one, eh? The third observation is NA because it’s the second observation for X1, and that one is NA. So while a regression of Y on X1 would use observations 1, 3, 4, and 5, a regression of Y on X1(-1) would use observations 2, 4, and 5. Moral: When there’s missing data, changing the variables specified in a regression can a lso inadvertently change the sample. What’s the use of the top three lines? It’s nice to know the date and time, but EViews is rather ungainly to use as a wristwatch. More seriously, the top three lines are there so that when you look at the output you can remember what you were doing. Dependent Variable† just reminds you what the regression was explaining— LOG(VOLUME) in this case. â€Å"Method† reminds us which statistical procedure produced the output. EViews has dozens of statistical procedures built-in. The default procedure for estimating the parameters of an equation is â€Å"least squares. † The Pretty Important (But Not So Important As the Last Section’s) Regression Results—71 The third line just reports the date and time EViews estimated the regression. It’s surprising how handy that information can be a couple of months into a project, when you’ve forgotten in what order you were doing things. Since we’re talking about looking at output at a later date, this is a good time to digress on ways to save output for later. You can: †¢ Hit the button to save the equation in the workfile. The equation will appear in the workfile window marked with the icon. Then save the workfile. Hint: Before saving the file, switch to the equation’s label view and write a note to remind yourself why you’re using this equation. †¢ Hit the button. †¢ Spend output to a Rich Text Format (RTF) file, which can then be read directly by most word processors. Select Redirect: in the Print dialog and enter a file name in the Filename: field. As shown, you’ll end up with results stored in the file â€Å"some results. rtf†. †¢ Right-click and choose Select non-empty cells, or hit Ctrl-A— it’s the same thing. Copy and then paste into a word processor. Freeze it If you have output that you want to make sure won’t ever change, even if you change the equation specification, hit . Freezing the equation makes a copy of the current view in the form of a table which is detached from the equation object. (The original equation is unaffected. ) You can then this frozen table so that it will be saved in the workfile. See Chapter 17, â€Å"Odds and Ends. † 72—Chapter 3. Getting the Most from Least Squares Summary Regression Statistics The bottom panel of the regression provides 12 summary statistics about the regression. We’ll go over these statistics briefly, but leave technical details to your favorite econometrics text or the User’s Guide. We’ve already talked about the two most important numbers, â€Å"R-squared† and â€Å"S. E. of regression. † Our regression accounts for 85 percent of the variance in the dependent variable and the estimated standard deviation of the error term is 0. 97. Five other elements, â€Å"Sum squared residuals,† â€Å"Log likelihood,† â€Å"Akaike info criterion,† â€Å"Schwarz criterion,† and â€Å"Hannan-Quinn criter. † are used for making statistical comparisons between two different regressions. This means that they don’t really help us learn anything about the regression we’re working on; rather, these statistics are useful for deciding if one model is better than another. For the record, the sum of squared residuals is used in computing F-tests, the log likelihood is used for computing likelihood ratio tests, and the Akaike and Schwarz criteria are used in Bayesian model comparison. The next two numbers, â€Å"Mean dependent var† and â€Å"S. D. dependent var,† report the sample mean and standard deviation of the left hand side variable. These are the same numbers you’d get by asking for descriptive statistics on the left hand side variables, so long as you were using the sample used in the regression. (Remember: EViews will drop observations from the estimation sample if any of the left-hand side or right-hand side variables are NA— i. e. , missing. ) The standard deviation of the dependent variable is much larger than the standard error of the regression, so our regression has explained most of the variance in og(volume)—which is exactly the story we got from looking at the R-squared. Why use valuable screen space on numbers you could get elsewhere? Primarily as a safety check. A quick glance at the mean of the dependent variable guards against forgetting that you changed the units of measurement or that the sample used is so mehow different from what you were expecting. â€Å"Adjusted R-squared† makes an adjustment to the plain-old R to take account of the num2 ber of right hand side variables in the regression. R measures what fraction of the variation in the left hand side variable is explained by the regression. When you add another 2 right hand side variable to a regression, R always rises. (This is a numerical property of 2 2 least squares. ) The adjusted R , sometimes written R , subtracts a small penalty for each additional variable added. â€Å"F-statistic† and â€Å"Prob(F-statistic)† come as a pair and are used to test the hypothesis that none of the explanatory variables actually explain anything. Put more formally, the â€Å"F-sta2 A Multiple Regression Is Simple Too—73 tistic† computes the standard F-test of the joint hypothesis that all the coefficients, except the intercept, equal zero. Prob(F-statistic)† displays the p-value corresponding to the reported F-statistic. In this example, there is essentially no chance at all that the coefficients of the right-hand side variables all equal zero. Parallel construction notice: The fourth and fifth columns in EViews regression output report the t-statistic and corresponding p-value for the hypothesis th at the individual coefficient in the row equals zero. The F-statistic in the summary area is doing exactly the same test for all the coefficients (except the intercept) together. This example has only one such coefficient, so the t-statistic and the F-statistic test exactly the same hypothesis. Not coincidentally, the reported p-values are identical 2 and the F- is exactly the square of the t-, 2672 = 51. 7 . Our final summary statistic is the â€Å"Durbin-Watson,† the classic test statistic for serial correlation. A Durbin-Watson close to 2. 0 is consistent with no serial correlation, while a number closer to 0 means there probably is serial correlation. The â€Å"DW,† as the statistic is known, of 0. 095 in this example is a very strong indicator of serial correlation. EViews has extensive facilities both for testing for the presence of serial correlation and for correcting regressions when serial correlation exists. We’ll look at the Durbin-Watson, as well as other tests for serial correlation and correction methods, later in the book. (See Chapter 13, â€Å"Serial Correlation—Friend or Foe? †). A Multiple Regression Is Simple Too Traditionally, when teaching about regression, the simple regression is introduced first and then â€Å"multiple regression† is presented as a more advanced and more complicated technique. A simple regression uses an intercept and one explanatory variable on the right to explain the dependent variable. A multiple regression uses one or more explanatory variables. So a simple regression is just a special case of a multiple regression. In learning about a simple regression in this chapter you’ve learned all there is to know about multiple regression too. Well, almost. The main addition with a multiple regression is that there are added right hand-side variables and therefore added rows of coefficients, standard errors, etc. The model we’ve used so far explains the log of NYSE volume as a linear function of time. Let’s add two more variables, time-squared and lagged log(volume), hoping that time and timesquared will improve our ability to match the long-run trend and that lagged values of the dependent variable will help out with the short run. In the last example, we entered the specification in the Equation Estimation dialog. I find it much easier to type the regression command directly into the command pane, although the 74—Chapter 3. Getting the Most from Least Squares method you use is strictly a matter of taste. The regression command is ls followed by the dependent variable, followed by a list of independent variables (using the special symbol â€Å"C† to signal EViews to include an intercept. ) In this case, type: ls log(volume) c @trend @trend^2 log(volume(-1)) and EViews brings up the multiple regression output shown to the right. You already knew some of the numbers in this regression because they appeared in the second column in Table 1 on page 65. When you specify a multiple regression, EViews gives one row in the output for each independent variable. Hint: Most regression specifications include an intercept. Be sure to include â€Å"C† in the list of independent variables unless you’re sure you don’t want an intercept. Hint: Did you notice that EViews reports one fewer observation in this regression than in the last, and that EViews changed the first date in the sample from the first to the second quarter of 1888? This is because the first data we can use for lagged volume, from second quarter 1888, is the (non-lagged) volume value from the first quarter. We can’t compute lagged volume in the first quarter because that would require data from the last quarter of 1887, which is before the beginning of our workfile range. Hypothesis Testing We’ve already seen how to test that a single coefficient equals zero. Just use the reported tstatistic. For example, the t-statistic for lagged log(volume) is 37. 89 with 460 degrees of freedom (464 observations minus 4 estimated coefficients). With EViews it’s nearly as easy to test much more complex hypotheses. Hypothesis Testing—75 Click the button and choose Coefficient Diagnostics/Wald – Coefficient Restrictions†¦ to bring up the dialog shown to the right. In order to whip the Wald Test dialog into shape you need to know three things: †¢ EViews names coefficients C(1), C(2), C(3), etc. numbering them in the order they appear in the regression. As an example, the coefficient on LOG(VOLUME(-1)) is C(4). †¢ You specify a hypothesis as an equation restricting the values of the coefficients in the regression. To test that the coefficient on LOG(VOLUME(-1)) equals zero, specify â€Å"C(4)=0†. †¢ If a hypothesis involves multiple restrictions, you enter multiple coefficient equations separated by commas. Let’s work through some examples, starting with the one we already know the answer to: Is the coefficient on LOG(VOLUME(-1)) significantly different from zero? Hint: We know the results of this test already, because EViews computed the appropriate test statistic for us in its standard regression output. 76—Chapter 3. Getting the Most from Least Squares Complete the Wald Test dialog with C(4)=0. EViews gives the test results as shown to the right. EViews always reports an F-statistic since the F- applies for both single and multiple restrictions. In cases with a single restriction, EViews will also show the t-statistic. Hint: The p-value reported by EViews is computed for a two-tailed test. If you’re interested in a one-tailed test, you’ll have to look up the critical value for yourself. Suppose we wanted to test whether the coefficient on LOG(VOLUME(-1)) equaled one rather than zero. Enter â€Å"c(4)=1† to find the new test statistic. So this hypothesis is also easily rejected. Hypothesis Testing—77 Econometric theory warning: If you’ve studied the advanced topic in econometric theory called the â€Å"unit root problem† you know that standard theory doesn’t apply in this test (although the issue is harmless for this particular set of data). Take this as a reminder that you and EViews are a team, but you’re the brains of the outfit. EViews will obediently do as it’s told. It’s up to you to choose the proper procedure. EViews is happy to test a hypothesis involving multiple coefficients and nonlinear restrictions. To test that the sum of the first two coefficients equals the product of the sines of the second two coefficients (and to emphasize that EViews is perfectly happy to test a hypothesis that is complete nonsense) enter â€Å"c(1)+c(2)=sin(c(3))+sin(c(4))†. Not only is the hypothesis nonsense, apparently it’s not true. 78—Chapter 3. Getting the Most from Least Squares A good example of a hypothesis involving multiple restrictions is the hypothesis that there is no time trend, so the coefficients on 2 both t and t equal zero. Here’s the Wald Test view after entering â€Å"c(2)=0, c(3)=0†. The hypothesis is rejected. Note that EViews correctly reports 2 degrees of freedom for the test statistic. Representing The Representations view, shown at the right, doesn’t tell you anything you don’t already know, but it provides useful reminders of the command used to generate the regression, the interpretation of the coefficient labels C(1), C(2), etc. and the form of the equation written out with the estimated coefficients. Hint: Okay, okay. Maybe you didn’t really need the representations view as a reminder. The real value of this view is that you can copy the equation from this view and then paste it into your word processor, or into an EViews batch program, or even into Excel, where wi th a little judicious editing you can turn the equation into an Excel formula. What’s Left After You’ve Gotten the Most Out of Least Squares Our regression equation does a pretty good job of explaining log(volume), but the explanation isn’t perfect. What remains—the difference between the left-hand side variable and the value predicted by the right-hand side—is called the residual. EViews provides several tools to examine and use the residuals. What’s Left After You’ve Gotten the Most Out of Least Squares—79 Peeking at the Residuals The View Actual, Fitted, Residual provides several different ways to look at the residuals. Usually the best view to look at first is Actual, Fitted, Residual/Actual, Fitted, Residual Graph as illustrated by the graph shown here. Three series are displayed. The residuals are plotted against the left vertical axis and both the actual (log(volume)) and fitted (predicted log(volume)) series are plotted against the vertical axis on the right. As it happens, because our fit is quite good and because we have so many observations, the fitted values nearly cover up the actual values on the graph. But from the residuals it’s easy to see two facts: our model fits better in the later part of the sample than in the earlier years—the residuals become smaller in absolute value—and there are a very small number of data points for which the fit is really terrible. 80—Chapter 3. Getting the Most from Least Squares Points with really big positive or negative residuals are called outliers. In the plot to the right we see a small number of spikes which are much, much larger than the typical residual. We can get a close up on the residuals by choosing Actual, Fitted, Residual/Residual Graph. It might be interesting to look more carefully at specific numbers. Choose Actual, Fitted, Residual/Actual, Fitted, Residual Table for a look that includes numerical values. You can see enormous residuals in the second quarter for 1933. The actual value looks out of line with the surrounding values. Perhaps this was a really unusual quarter on the NYSE, or maybe someone even wrote down the wrong numbers when putting the data together! Grabbing the Residuals Since there is one residual for each observation, you might want to put the residuals in a series for later analysis. Fine. All done. Without you doing anything, EViews stuffs the residuals into the special series each estimation. You can use RESID just like any other series. after Quick Review—81 Resid Hint 1: That was a very slight fib. EViews won’t let you include RESID as a series in an estimation command because the act of estimation changes the values stored in RESID. Resid Hint 2: EViews replaces the values in RESID with new residuals after each estimation. If you want to keep a set, copy them into a new series as in: series rememberresids = resid before estimating anything else. Resid Hint 3: You can store the residuals from an equation in a series with any name you like by using Proc/Make Residual Series†¦ from the equation window. Quick Review To estimate a multiple regression, use the ls command followed first by the dependent variable and then by a list of independent variables. An equation window opens with estimated coefficients, information about the uncertainty attached to each estimate, and a set of summary statistics for the regression as a whole. Various other views make it easy to work with the residuals and to test hypotheses about the estimated coefficients. In later chapters we turn to more advanced uses of least squares. Nonlinear estimation is covered, as are methods of dealing with serial correlation. And, predictably, we’ll spend some time talking about forecasting. 82—Chapter 3. Getting the Most from Least Squares